Article response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Article Example milar levels of proficiency in their L3.Can Cross-Linguistic Influence(CLI) from L2 be observed in the, L3 lexicon of the candidate/learner who has attained a low level of L2 proficiency and who has also had limited exposure to that language? Let us see. The study showed that L1(English was used as L1 in the study) was by far the main source of influence on L3 languages. The CLI found in the L3(Germany was used) of the candidates in the high 2nd language proficiency(low L2 exposure) group has features of the Cross Linguistic Influence found in the L3 of the candidates in the high 2nd language proficiency(low L2 exposure) has characteristics of the CLI found in the L3 of the candidates in the high second language proficiency/high L2 exposure and the low second language proficiency(low L2) exposure groups. In a study of the placement of sentence negation in third language acquisition, it is argued that there is a contrast between acquisition of a second language and the acquisition of a third language. Although there is substantial evidence for L2 impact on vocabulary acquisition in L3, not every researcher believe that such manipulation generalizes to morph syntactic aspects of the grammar. The data clearly shows that syntactic structures are easily transferred from the second language than from the first language in the initial stage of L3 acquisition. The two groups behave almost contrastingly concerning the placement of negation, a contrast that can be sources to the L2 knowledge of the candidates in interaction with the typological relationship between the second and the third languages (Tremblay, 2006). The impact of L1 on L3 of learners who have achieved a higher level of L2 proficiency is the same, regardless of the level of exposure of L2 by the learners. While the overall rates of L1 influence are the same/similar for the high L2 proficiency exposure and a low second language exposure groups, the overall rate of first language influence found in the L3

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Statistics - Essay Example Find your name in the list and make a note of your dataset number. You will use this to access your own datasets for the questions in section B. This project is worth 100% of the final mark Section A: Statistics Quiz Answers to questions in this section require no more than one or two sentences each! 1. Quantitative variables can be discrete or continuous. Explain the difference between discrete data and continuous data, and give one example of each. Answer: A discrete variable can assume only a countable number of values such as number of persons in a family, whereas a continuous variable can assume any numerical value over a certain interval or intervals (uncountable number of values) such as height of a person. 2. A measure of location is a quantity which is ‘typical’ of the data. Give the names of three such measures, and explain (in words, not formulae) how each is found. Answer: The most common measures of central tendency or location used to describe data are; Mod e: This is the most commonly occurring value. Median: The middle value when all the data are placed in order. Mean (Arithmetic Mean): It is the ratio of the sum of the scores to the number of the scores. 3. What is a measure of spread? Give the names of three such measures. ... in figure 1 suggests that median would be a suitable measure of location and interquartile range would be a suitable measure of spread for these data. 5. The probability that a ship has a defective radar is 0.05. The probability that a ship has a defective echo is 0.06. Three in one hundred ships have both a defective echo and a defective radar. Find the probability that a randomly chosen ship has either a defective echo or a defective radar. Answer: P(def. radar) = 0.05 P(def. echo) = 0.06 P(def. radar and def. echo) = 3/100 = 0.03 P (def. radar or def. echo) = P(def. radar) + P(def. echo) – P(def. radar and def. echo) P (def. radar or def. echo) = 0.05 + 0.06 – 0.03 = 0.08 6. Under what conditions might we use a binomial distribution as a probability model for our data? Answer: We use a binomial distribution when following four conditions are satisfied; The number of trials ‘n’ is fixed. Each trial is independent. Each trial represents one of two outcomes ("success" or "failure"). The probability of success ‘p’ is the same for each trial. 7. Under what conditions might we use a normal distribution as a probability model for our data? Answer: The mean, median and mode are equal The graph is symmetrical about the mean (50% above and 50% below) Because 100% of the distribution lies below the curve, the total area below the curve is 100% or 1.  ± 68% of the sample lies within one standard deviation of the mean; 34% above and 34% below  ± 96% within two standard deviations: 48% above and 48% below  ± 99.7% within three standard deviations: 49.85% above and 49.85% below The two ends are asymptotic to the horizontal axis. 8. In hypothesis testing, the p-value can be thought of as the chance of obtaining the observed results, or more extreme results, if the

Film Review Tootsie compared to course readingsconcepts Essay

Film Review Tootsie compared to course readingsconcepts - Essay Example During his work in the soap drama, he is attracted to his co-actress, Julie Nichols (Jessica Lange). Julie is in a complicated relationship with chauvinistic director, Ron Carlisle (Dabney Coleman) with whom she has a baby girl, borned out of the wedlock. Julie has told him once that she is receptive to men who approach her with a drink. Thus, when Micheal meets Julie at a party, he approaches her with a drink. To his surprise, she pours the drink on him. On an occasion after Julie decides to end the relationship with Ron, Micheal (as Dorothy) makes advances to console her by kissing her. Julie is shocked and misunderstands Dorothy to be a lesbian. She explains to "her" that she likes "her", but not the romantic way. To make things complicated, Dorothy has her admirers. They are John Van Horn (George Gaynes), Dorothy's co-actor in the soap drama and Julie's father Leslie 'Les' Nichols (Charles Durning). After Micheal knows about the existence of these admirers, he talks to his best friend who is also his roommate, Jeff and George Fields (Sydney Pollack) about his problems of being misunderstood. Soon, Micheal decides to resolve this situation by finding solutions to leave the cast. However, George is against her to leave the cast since there is an increase in her salary for her popularity. When the cast has to perform live one day, he reveals that he is the character's twin brother who replaces her to avenge her. This is kind of the best way for him to reveal himself in a graceful and responsible way. However, Julie is so shocked and angry that she punches him. After weeks of cooling period, Micheal looks for Julie outside the studio and confesses to Julie "I was a better man with you as a woman than I ever was with a woman as a man". She then forgives him. The reason why I want to analyze this film is that Tootsie reveals how the same person can actually display different personality and identity as a man and a woman. This person can therefore, be able to understand the different expectations set by the society for different genders at a work place and gives critical thoughts regarding gender identities. Specifically is Dustin Huffman's role, Michael Dorsey who is also acting as Dorothy Michaels. In the film, he also described that he became a better man after some experience as a woman. As a result, "Tootsie" is a strong film, which can help to understand the gendered identities from the same person, be it a man or a woman. Therefore, in this paper, we look at how women are frequently defined by appearance or by relationships with others, but men are more typically defined by activities, accomplishments, or positions. In addition is how communication plays a primary role in shaping our gendered identities, and how society defines masc ulinity and femininity. 2. How women are frequently defined by appearance or by relationships with others, but men are more typically defined by activities, accomplishments, or positions 2.1 Women are frequently defined by appearance or by relationships with others Women are frequently defined by appearance. This line can be evidenced from two scenes of the film. This first scene is when Micheal was trying clothes for

Robin Hood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robin Hood - Essay Example One of the manuscripts says that Robin Hood was born in 1155. Another manuscript dates his birth in 1220; another one states that he was born between 1280 and 1290 and that he was a part of a rebellion movement against Edward II in 1320. In addition, there is a lot of confusion over the birth place of Robin Hood. The ballads states that he was born in Locksly, Nottinghashire. They also suggest that Robin Hood was the son of William Fitzooth, who was the owner of the land of Loxley. (Vahimagi 30-33) In the popular culture Robin Hood is portrayed as living in Nottinghamshire. Many of the early ballads took place in Nottinghamshire, and they showed Robin Hood and his men fighting in the forest of Sherwood. Some of the early references suggest that Robin Hood may have origins from the land of Barnsland which is now known as the South Yorkshire. (Potter 17) There are many different sources which tell us about different locations referring to be Robin Hood's true home. A tradition belonging to the sixteenth century suggests Loxley as a birth place of Robin Hood. There is a well in Yorkshire known as the Robin Hood's well which is associated with him as early as 1400. His grave is located in the West Yorkshire with a headstone of doubtful authenticity. (Potter 19-20) We find the first references to the rhymes of Robin Hood from a poem written in 14th century by Piers Plowman. From the earliest surviving copies of the ballads it is very clear that Robin Hood had special regards for wo men. He had remarkable skills as an archer and had anti-clerical beliefs. He had a very hostile attitude towards the sheriff of Nottingham, too. (Blamires 28) In popular culture Robin Hood is seen as the supporter of King Richard the Lionheart who was a king in the 12th century. Robin Hood became an outlaw because of the misrule of the king's brother John. One of the oldest ballads known as the Robin Hood and the Monk tells us that Robin Hood had a very little support as a partisan of the king. (Blamires 50-56) The early ballads also provide us with clear picture about Robin Hood's social status. He is named as a yeoman, the meaning of this word have changed over the time from aristocrat to free retainer and landholder. But this word was generally referred to the commoners. In the sixteenth century many attempts were made particularly through two famous plays known as Earl of Huntingdon and Anthony Munday to give Robin Hood noble status. The legend of Robin Hood was also transmitted into Robin Hood games and important plays which were presented in the May Day festivities in the late medieval and early modern times. We find the first record of Robin Hood games in Exeter in 1425. (Hahn 17) But no one was certain about how old this tradition was at that time. In the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries Robin Hood games have flourished. Thorough May games, Maid Marian and a jolly friar connected with the legend. The ballads associated with Robin Hood connect him with recognizable places and there are many people in the world who believe and who are convinced that Robin Hood was a real hero and a real person. There are different theories to indentify the real Robin Hood and for each theory there are numerous supporters. According to some theories Robin Hood was his real name. Other theories suggest that

Management and leadership Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Management and leadership Development - Essay Example 17). Current cultural diversity in global business entities have as well played very essential role in enhancing the experienced impediments in the application of conventional leadership and management theories in contemporary profit making organisations(Hernandez, 2008, p.121). By referring to modern increasing competition and changes in global and local market, global institutions has the role of coming up with efficient means of training and educating their leaders on the most effective means of complying with international management and leadership standards(Hersey and Blanchard, 1993, p.41). Hawksmoor Restaurants is one the other hand rated as one of the most successful multinational corporation in United Kingdom. Despite having huge number of sales and profitability, Hawksmoor Restaurants is among the commonly preferred restaurants company in United Kingdom (Hawksmoor Restaurants, 2012, p. 5). A part from having its headquarters and numerous branches in United Kingdom, Hawksmoo r Restaurants has instituted various outlets in other parts of the world (Gutierrez and Tania, 2007, p. 67). Compared to other proficient local and international restaurants, Hawksmoor Restaurants is among the finest United Kingdom companies in offering fair deals to its staffs. In spite of getting free meals, the company’s employees, are also given competitive wages depending on their performances and skills. The aim of treating its employees fairly is to motivate them as well as enhance their professionals, individual leaders, and management development (Hannum, Jennifer and Claire 2012, p. 79). Compared to its competitors, Hawksmoor Restaurants is also known for paying its employees fairly and in accordance to their skills and competence. Regardless of employing skilled and competent employees, the company is as well known for employing youthful managers (Martineau, 2007, p. 309). Effective employment of both modern and conventional leadership and management theories has a s well been very helpful in facilitating the success of Hawksmoor Restaurants in local and global market (Pulley and Wakefield, 2001, p. 439). To understand the importance and relevant of effective application of leadership and management theories in business entities, the subsequent essay will expound on how Hawksmoor Restaurants has been employing these theories in developing the efficiency of its managers and leaders (Hannum and Claire, 2012, p. 1719). The success of Hawksmoor Restaurants in local and international market can largely be linked to effective and consistent application of Great Man Leadership and Development Theory. Great Man Theory is based on the perception that, leaders are unique and special people in the society. As described in this theory, leaders are born with innate leadership traits. The use of the term man was intentional as it aims at describing the manner in which a leader is supposed to be firm and composed (Reed, 2005, p. 176). As explained in this th eory, although a leader is born with inmate skills and competence, training is very essential in facilitating the development of the identified leadership traits. By referring to the contents in Great Man Theory, Hawksmoor Restaurants have adopted mechanisms that are aimed at identifying and developing leadership traits among its leaders.

Hashing Algorithms Information Technology Research Paper

Hashing Algorithms Information Technology - Research Paper Example Apart from these algorithms, Whirlpool, Bloom Filters and other algorithms are also widely used. Hashing algorithms are selected based on their efficiency. These hash algorithms depend on a set of hash functions that generate the key values which are in turn stored in a separate table known as the Hash Table. This table follows a unique pattern based on which the values generated in the hash functions are stored. The main aim of a Hashing algorithm is to simplify the intended process and to provide a hassle free operation of the process. By using a hashing algorithm, one can be sure that the data is completely secure. A hashing algorithm tries to solve the complex functionalities by generating a simple function which can be used in place of these complex issues. Origin The hashing algorithm has been in use for many years and almost all the fields make use of these hashing algorithms to help them resolve and simplify their process. Hashing algorithms are generally used to generate a k ey value or a specified format of number or text to enable the administrator to propose a certain level to the specified data. Given a set of data, a hash function is selected and implemented to produce the hash values. The various types of hashing functions like string hashing, hashing functions for encrypting data and other mathematical values. (Sedgewick & Wyne, 2011). The concept of string hashing is mainly used in database that stores the initial information pertaining to a particular file. The next form is cryptographic hashing, which is used in data conversion and user authentication. The original form of the data is changed by using any of the cryptographic or encryption algorithms, providing a secure environment to the data that is stored in the file. In this function, the original form of the data is changed to the encrypted form which is not readable by the regular user. If a person wants to access that particular file, he has to make use of the hashing function that decr ypts the data back to the normal form. The major idea behind this algorithm is to protect the data from outside world. Intrusion and unauthorized access is prevented, thereby giving a protective environment. This algorithm is mostly used to convert the passwords that are used by the user to enter a site or access a particular data. In this case, the encrypted form of the password is stored in the system, instead of the original password. Hence the password and other confidential information are maintained in the organizations and business environment. Though the numbers of hashing algorithms are more, only few are more efficient and effective in dealing with problems. Detailed Description Among the various hashing algorithms, SHA and MD5 algorithms are considered to be more efficient in handling any sort of data. SHA Algorithms SHA algorithm and its versions are one of the best algorithms that help in easing the functionalities and thus the functions are also same for every algorith m. The functions used in each version are different and this depends on the input value of the proposed function. The size of the input and output value also is an important factor, as each function is different in its own form. The versions include SHA1, SHA 384, SHA 256 and SHA 512. Each of these algorithms makes use of functions and constants that define the entire algorithm. These logical functions generally range from f1, f2 and ranges depending on the

Ma in Management †Strategic Analysis Module Essay Example for Free

Ma in Management – Strategic Analysis Module Essay SAA 1 – Evaluating the Suitability of EasyJet’s strategy EasyJet’s existing strategy can be characterised as low price/low value added (route 1 on the strategy clock) concentrating on Luton and Liverpool hubs (not the main UK airports) and targeting routes with little direct competition from other airlines (which builds up elements of access and variety based positioning). EasyJet exploited the major environmental change that resulted from the initial liberalisation of the EU airline market. The attractiveness of this â€Å"low cost† strategic group within the market has brought in new competitors (like BA’s GO) so the industry structure is changing. EasyJet’s decision to buy new aircraft and open new routes can be seen as an attempt to pre-emptively protect and build on their current position. The deals with Geneva airport and TEA also allow them to exploit an EU â€Å"open skies† agreement with Switzerland if finalised using the same strategic approach. The strategy is largely expanding upon existing capabilities in operating a low cost airline. Expanding the fleet of aircraft potentially offers cost efficiency advantages in terms of economies of scale and scope across a bigger number of routes. Standardising on new Boeing 737-300s and 737-700s should also help minimise operational costs as well as the purchase economies from the deal (discounts). Other parts of the value chain are also consistent with this low cost approach – headquarters at Luton rather than a more expensive location (although not mentioned in the illustration the HQ is pared down to a minimum to reduce overheads. Aircraft maintenance is also contracted out). As EasyJet is privately owned then the massive increase in gearing implied by the financing of new aircraft is perhaps less unattractive to investors than would be the case if the company was public. Ideally, it would be helpful to have more information on EasyJet’s current value chain and its capabilities to deliver the â€Å"low cost† approach. The big strategic issue to be resolved is the extent to which their current positioning is defensible if they start to expand – with risks from competitor reaction, perhaps from airlines previously unaffected by their strategy and the capabilities of EasyJet to deliver the same strategic approach on five-times the scale. SAA 2 – Evaluating the Acceptability of Easyjet’s strategy The risks of the new strategy are related to the extent of expansion – both strategically in terms of their ability to deliver on a bigger scale (a five-fold expansion of operations) and financially in terms of the impact of long-term gearing (loans from the banks). Their existing capabilities in this type of business (they were one of the first in Europe) and the potential use of equipment trust certificates to re-finance the purchase at a later date might help. There are few details about the potential returns in the illustration, but this seems to be an expanding sector in which EasyJet already has an established position. It seems to make strategic sense in terms of both protecting their existing position and creating the potential to exploit new opportunities (Switzerland) but more information on projected passenger volumes and revenues would help in assessing both returns and risks (e.g. ROCE, NPV, payback and break-even). As a privately owned airline then the number of key stakeholders is at least reduced by not having shareholders, Stelios Haji-Ioannou is the owner and chief executive. However, the banks are going to be particularly interested in the company given their exposure in terms of gearing – though they should be supportive providing the revenue flows increase as planned! Given the leanness of the organisation then the employees are likely to have a strong input. Governments are likely to be supportive of EasyJet’s approach as it encourages competition – though some may have closer ties to â€Å"national flag carriers† who are potential competitors. SAA 3 – Evaluating the Feasibility of EasyJet’s strategy EasyJet has built up experience as a successful â€Å"low cost† airline and the proposed strategy is an extension of existing capabilities. The cultural web of the organisation is also not likely to see major changes and create problems of managing implementation. The question is whether the system can be stretched into a five-fold expansion. The expansion into Switzerland, with the deals with Geneva airport and TEA, including the switch to Boeing 737s, would seem to be strategically sensible given the potential â€Å"open skies† agreement. The alliance, with an option to acquire TEA, should also offer synergies whilst reducing the risks of further stretching the existing EasyJet system. Financing is a major issue for this strategy – the cash flow for the aircraft deposit and long-term bank loans may indicate adequate financial resources, but conclusions depend upon an examination of this part of the deal in terms of impact on the company’s capital structure (gearing) and cash flow projections. Given the banks have leant the money then some judgements can be implied but, in practice, this would be a critical part of the overall strategy evaluation.